Written by Kenneth S. Hilderbrand, Jr., Sea Grant Extension
seafood processing specialist, Oregon State University;
Robert J. Price, former Extension seafood technology specialist, University
of California, Davis; and
Robert E. Olson, associate professor of fisheries and wildlife, Oregon State
University.
ORESU-G-03-015
Revised October 2003
This publication has been prepared in response to many questions from seafood retailers about parasites in marine fish products. Customers who find parasites in fish they purchase need to have good answers for some obvious questions.
Your customers need to understand two key points: First, parasites are a natural occurrence. Second, although certain roundworms (nematodes) and tapeworms found in fish can infect people, thorough cooking of fish renders these parasites totally harmless.
Public health problems arise only when people eat raw or lightly preserved fish, such as cold-smoked products or sashimi and ceviche. When fish is to be prepared according to these recipes, it first should be completely frozen for at least 24 hours to kill any parasites that may be present.
Here are some of the most commonly asked questions about parasites.
Fish, like all living organisms, can be infected with various parasites. Modern technology has allowed us to drastically reduce--but not eliminate--the parasites that occur in domesticated food animals and in people.
Fish, of course, are wild animals, and people have little or no control over their environment. This makes it difficult to avoid an occasional encounter with a naturally occurring parasitic worm.
The most commonly observed parasites in marine food fishes are roundworms called nematodes. Certain nematodes are common parasites of animals; others attack plants. Even more common are the microscopic, free-living nematodes that occur in soil everywhere.
The nematodes seen most commonly in fish often are called herring worms or cod worms. Actually, a number of different species are involved, and it is difficult to distinguish between them. All are in the family Anisakidae and are properly referred to as anisakid nematodes.
Other fish, especially freshwater and anadromous fish, may carry larvae of the tapeworm Diphyllobothrium. These small, whitish, and somewhat flabby worms are especially common in salmon from Alaska.
In the case of both anisakid nematodes and Diphyllobothrium tape-worms, fish become infected when they eat small crustaceans that have them-selves previously eaten parasite eggs or parasite larvae.
In the fish, the worms may locate in the muscle or internal organs, where they develop into the stage that can infect people.
Because nematodes are relatively uncommon in fish fillets and are easily destroyed by normal processing and cooking procedures, they rarely cause health problems. However, under some circumstances, swallowing a live nematode larva can cause--and has caused--severe gastric upset called anisakiasis, requiring medical intervention.
These nematodes do not find people to be suitable hosts and do not live long in human digestive tracts. Nevertheless, infections have been reported to cause severe abdominal pain and intestinal upset for as long as 10 days.
Tapeworms that occur in fish can infect people and other fish-eating mammals if they swallow living larvae. The tapeworms may live in the intestinal tract for several years, and eggs and tapeworm sections can be found in human feces.
The infection is not fatal. Symptoms in infected individuals may vary from none to abdominal pain, weakness, loss of weight, and anemia.
According to most authorities, cooking fish to an internal temperature of 140°F (60°C) will kill all nematodes and fish tapeworms. This temperature is reached during normal cooking procedures.
Hot-smoked fish should be brought to at least 160°F (71°C) to prevent outgrowth of food-poisoning bacteria. If this is done, parasites should be no problem. The 140°F (60°C) tempera-ture necessary to kill parasites likely would be achieved in any hot-smoking process.
Hard-salting (curing) fish before pickling is reported to kill any nematode or tapeworm present. However, pickling without salt curing first may not destroy some nematodes.
One researcher found 4% acetic acid and 6% brines would not kill anisakid after 26 days in a herring brine solution with equal volumes of brine and fish. It's reasonable to expect that pickled herring will be eaten as soon as 2 weeks after preparation.
Considering recent research on the subject, advise your customers against raw or lightly marinated recipes unless they are sure that the fish is free of parasite larvae. While it's true that only a small percentage of fish are infected with larvae, they may be present but hard to detect.
In countries where raw fish dishes are traditional, it's a common practice to freeze the fish before preparation. Researchers indicate that complete freezing at normal freezer temperatures (-4°F, -20°C) for 24 hours is 100% effective, but they caution that large fish take more time than small fish to reach that temperature--perhaps 5 to 7 days in inefficient freezers.
They do remove most of them during the filleting process. (This process removes the parasites in the gut and belly walls of the fish, where most parasites occur.) When they can see larvae in the edible portion, they remove them or withhold the fish from sale.
However, even examining fillets by transmitted light (candling) is less than
70% effective under the best of circumstances. Larvae more than l/4- inch deep
in the flesh or in dark tissue may not be detected.
In a 1981 lawsuit against an Oregon grocery chain, the court held that the store
had no obligation to eliminate all nematodes before sale. While no store should
knowingly sell a parasite-infested fish, it is impossible to insure that the
product is free of them.
Parasite infestation is common in fish just as insect infestation is common in fruits and vegetables. If we want to eat fish, we have to expect a certain incidence of parasites to occur.
First, tell people that parasites are unlikely to be a serious health problem. Consumers can't have fish in their diet without accepting the fact that nematodes or tapeworms may be present.
The danger to people is far less than that presented by unseen pathogenic bacteria likely to be present in all foods.
However, don't try to hide the fact that certain parasites can be harmful if swallowed alive. Suggest these steps:
Not nearly enough, according to most researchers. But enough is known to be confident that there is no reason to be overly concerned.
Some additional points that are useful to know:
This publication was funded by the National Sea Grant College
Program of the U.S. Department of Commerce's National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, under NOAA grant number NA16RG1039 (project number A/SGE-5),
and by appropriations made by the Oregon State legislature. The views expressed
herein do not necessarily reflect the views of any of those organizations.
Sea Grant is a unique partnership with public and private sectors, combining
research, education, and technology transfer for public service. This national
network of universities meets the changing environmental and economic needs
of people in our coastal, ocean, and Great Lakes regions.
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