Slide 1: Title
Slide 2: Invasive Species
- Widespread
- Expensive!
- > $138 billion/yr in US alone (Pimentel et al. 2005)
- 2nd only to habitat loss in the main cause for species listed as endangered or threatened in US (National Invasive Species Council 2004)
- Clearly, important issue
- Requires active management
Slide 3: Invasive Species: Management
- Often Target-species approach: Removal
- Biological control
- Herbicides/Pesticide
- Trapping/baiting
- Mechanical
- Manage/Monitor:
- Target species
- Invasive
- Threatened /endangered
- Legal mandate
- Success = invasive gone, Target species rebounds
Slide 4: Invasive Species: Management
- Non-target species?
- Unforeseen consequences for non-target species = indirect effects
- Loss of habitat
- Loss of resources (food)
- Local extinction
- Population decline
- How to manage indirect effects to non-target species?
Slide 5: Management: Biological Control
- Prickly pear cactus
- Management: introduce cactus moth
- Australia 1920’s: successful biological control agent for prickly pear cactus
- Introduced Hawaii, S. Africa, Caribbean
- Spread to Mexico & Florida
- Threatens endemic pp cactus (e.g., endangered)
Slide6 6: Management: Habitat Removal
- Monarch butterfly
- Migration: "threatened phenomena" IUCN
- (CA) Overwintering monarchs:
- switching from diseased Monterey pines to exotic eucalyptus
- Management: remove eucalyptus
- balancing maintaining & eradicating eucalyptus
Slide 7: Management: Habitat Removal
- Southwest Willow Flycatcher
- Fed. endangered
- Habitat use switch to exotic tamarisk (salt cedar); out-competes native bank vegetation (willow, cottonwood)
- Management: remove tamarisk
- Biological control
Slide 8: Invasive Species
- Provide habitat/resource
- Functional role
- Often more complex issue than simply eradication: non-target species impacted
- Can single-species conservation provide an umbrella effect?
- Through Target-Species management, could we achieve system-wide (multi-species/ecosystem) recovery
Slide 9: Case Study
- Investigate impacts to Non-Target species by Target species management
Slide 10: Introduction: Coastal Dunes
- Interface ecosystem between land and sea
- Unique biodiversity
- Delicate ecosystem, highly impacted by development, recreation, sand stabilization
- Foredunes: protect coastal communities from storm surge = Ecosystem Service
Slide 11: Pacific Northwest Coastal Dunes: Today
Slide 12: Pacific Northwest Coastal Dunes: Historically
Slide 13: Sand Stabilization: Foredune
Slide 14: Background: Dune Building
Physical forces:
- Wind, waves, currents
- Move sediment on & offshore
- Biotic forces: plants, trap sediment
- Dune morphology: interaction between
- Biotic & abiotic forces
Slide 15: Invasion History in Pacific Northwest
- Native Dune Community
- Pre early 1900’s: open, shifting sand, small hillocks of native plants (Elymus mollis).
Slide 16: Native Coastal Foredune Plants
Slide 17: Invasion History in Pacific Northwest
- Non-native grass Introduction
- Early 1900s, the European & American beach grass, Ammophila spp, = sand stabilization
Slide 18: Study Species: Dune Grasses
Slide 19: (map) Invasion Extents
- American dominant dunes
- European dominant dunes
Slide 20: (map) Global Invasion Extents
Slide 21: Target: Western Snowy Plover
- Federally threatened species
- Tend to prefer nesting on open ground
- Ammophila dune grass = major cause for population decline
- Habitat restoration areas for plover
- Invasive grass removed
- Plover population managed & monitored
Slide 22: (chart) Framework
Slide 23: Study Goals:
- Compare Non-Target (native plant species) with Target (plover & Ammophila):
- Overall effects of treatment
- Effect of treatment intensity
- frequency & amount of treatment
- Effect of treatment identity
- Can single-species conservation (Plover) provide an umbrella effect?
Slide 24: (map) PNW Plover Habitat Restoration Areas
Slide 25: (maps) PNW Restoration Areas
Slide 26: Plover Restoration Areas: Treatments
- Bulldoze
- Plow
- Disk
- Herbicide
- Handpull
- Salt water
- Burn
Slide 27: Methods: Transects
- Fall 2007
- 3-6 transects in Treatment areas & outside (Control)
- Every 5m along transect:
- All plant species % cover (20x50cm quadrats)
Slide 28: Methods: Treatment & Plover Data
Database
- State, Federal reports 1992-2007
- Plover Habitat Restoration sites
- Plover fledglings per male & pop (window surveys)
- Site Treatment data
- Techniques & cost
- PCA: combine all treatments to get 1 cumulative treatment intensity metric per site
Slide 29: (chart) Target: Ammophila Relative abundance
- Less Ammophila cover in Treatment areas
Slide 30: (chart) Target: Ammophila Relative abundance
- Range of Ammophila removal success
Slide 31: (chart) Target: Ammophila Treatment Intensity & Type
Treatment Intensity: no correlation
- Treat. Type
- no corr.
Slide 32: (chart) Target: Plover Population trend
Pop increase = success
Slide 33: Target: Plovers
- Fledglings per male
- > 1 for increasing population
- Federal (USFWS) goal at least 1.0
Slide 34: (chart) Target: Plovers Fledglings per male
Slide 35: (chart) Target: Plovers Treatment Intensity
Slide 36: (chart) Target: Plovers Treatment Intensity
Slide 37: Target: Plovers Treatment Type
- No correlations between Fledge per male & any level:
- Dozer
- Herbicide
- Hand pull
- Disk, plow, rip
- Total acreage treated
- Salt
- Burn
- Emphasizes need for experimental assessment of treatments
Slide 38: (chart) Non-Target: Veg. Species Relative abundance
- Less plant species cover (native & non-native) where Ammophila is removed
Slide 39: Non-Target: Native Species # of Species
- Fewer native foredune plant species where Ammophila is removed
Slide 40:(chart) Non-Target: Native Species Treatment Intensity
- More treatment = decline in native species abundance
Slide 41: (chart) Non-Target: Native Species Treatment Type
- More handpull, increased native species abundance
- More bulldozing, decreased native species abundance
- Consistent with recommended technique for minimizing impact to native plants
Slide 42: (chart) Treatment Cost
Slide 43: Discussion Points
- Does current management of Target species (plover & Ammophila) provide a positive umbrella effect??
- YES: Decline in non-native plant species cover, decline in invasive Ammophila
- NO: Decline in native plant species via current management techniques
Slide 44: Possible Solutions?
- Under current practices, Western snowy plover is not acting as an umbrella species
- How can we move towards whole ecosystem restoration?
- Establish native plants post-treatment
- Switch some restoration areas to non-mechanical removal (target herbicide: Imazapyr, or hand pulling Ammophila)
Slide 45: (chart) Conclusions
(Slide 46: Conclusions
- Non-Target species need more consideration
- Begin with monitoring impacts
- Help us move towards system-wide management
- Ecosystem Based Management/Restoration
- Biological & physical processes
- Ideally no Non-Target species
- Human
- Ecosystem Based Management/Restoration
Slide 47: Conclusions
- Can single-species conservation provide an umbrella effect?
- Maybe, but we need to include Non-Target species
Slide 48: Acknowledgements
Oregon State University
Oregon SeaGrant
Sally Hacker, Eric Seabloom, Peter Ruggiero
To all who helped with HRA research: Kirsten Brennan, Eleanor Gaines, Kathleen Castelein, Dave Lauten,Khemarith So, Liz Kelly, Madeleine Vander Heyden, Laura Todd, Jim Heaney, Steve Langenstein, Larry Reigel, Scott McKenzie, Noel Bachellor, Tony Stein, Marie Fernandez, and many others
NSF IGERT Ecosystem Informatics
HMSC Markham Award
Field & Lab assistants:
Colin Jones
Amanda Gladics
Micah Rogers
John Schaefers
Travis Lewis
Hussain Ibrahim
Vince & Autumn Adams
Chris Soto
Lindsay Fitzgerald
Thatcher Jones
Dave Worth
Jeremy Henderson
Dafne Eerkes-Medrano
Margot Hessing Lewis
Jay Zarnetske
Slide 49: References
Pimentel, D.; R. Zuniga and D., Morrison (2005). "Update on the environmental and economic costs associated with alien-invasive species in the United States.". Ecological Economics 52: 273-288.
National Invasive Species Council. http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/council/main.shtml
Slide 50: Photo Sources
http://www.flickr.com/photos/awfulsara/141077667/in/set-1097508/
http://www.columbia.edu/itc/cerc/danoff-burg/invasion_bio/inv_spp_summ/Tamarix_ramosissima.html
http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/1999/990708.htm
http://www.niwa.cri.nz/__data/assets/image/0020/41834/ails8_large.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactoblastis_cactorum
http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/rareplants/whyare/index.shtml
http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov
http://online-media.uni-marburg.de/biologie/botex/mallorca05/pflanz_liste.html
http://www.nps.gov/pore/naturescience/birds_snowyplover.htm
My own photos & photos from field techs
For more information about this presentation, contact:
zarnetsp@science.oregonstate.edu
